Gouache

Gouache also spelled guache, the name of which derives from the Italian guazzo, water paint, splash or bodycolor (the term preferred by art historians) is a type of paint consisting of pigment suspended in water. A binding agent, usually gum arabic, is also present, just as in watercolor. Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as chalk is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities.

History

"Guazzo" was originally a term applied to the early 16th century practice of applying oil paint over a tempera base. The term was applied to the water media in the 18th century in France, although the technique is considerably older. It was used as early as the 14th century in Europe.

Application

Gouache generally dries to a different value than it appears when wet (lighter tones generally dry darker, while darker tones tend to dry lighter), which can make it difficult to match colors over multiple painting sessions. This, combined with its quick coverage and total hiding power, mean that gouache lends itself to more immediate techniques than watercolor. "En plein air" paintings take advantage of this, as do works of J.M.W. Turner and Victor Lensner. It is used most consistently by commercial artists for works such as posters, illustrations, comics, and for other design work. For example, comics illustrators like Alex Ross use mostly gouache for their work. Industrial Designer and Visual Futurist Syd Mead also works primarily in gouache. Most 20th-century animations used it to create an opaque color on a cel with watercolor paint used for backgrounds, and gouache as "poster paint" is desirable for its speed and durability.As with all types of paint, gouache has been used on some unusual papers or surfaces.

One variation of the medium is gouaches découpées created by Henri Matisse, cut paper collages. His Blue Nudes series is a good example of the technique.

Drawing (Painting)

Drawing (Painting) is a form of visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, markers, styluses, and various metals (such as silverpoint). An artist who practices or works in drawing may be called a draughtsman or draftsman.

A small amount of material is released onto the two dimensional medium, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. The relatively easy availability of basic drawing instruments makes drawing more universal than most other media.

Tempera

Tempera also known as egg tempera, is a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long lasting, and examples from the 1st centuries AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint which is commonly called tempera (although it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as poster paint. Tempera is traditionally created by hand-grinding dry powdered pigments into a binding agent or medium, such as egg, glue, honey, water, milk (in the form of casein) and a variety of plant gums. Tempera painting starts with placing a small amount of the pigment paste onto a palette, dish or bowl and adding about an equal volume of the binder and mixing. Some pigments require slightly more binder, some require less. Distilled water is added.

 

Egg Tempera - The most common form of classical tempera painting is "egg tempera". For this form most often only the contents of the egg yolk is used. The white of the egg and the membrane of the yolk are discarded (the membrane of the yolk is dangled over a receptacle and punctured to drain off the liquid inside). The paint mixture has to be constantly adjusted to maintain a balance between a "greasy" and "watery" consistency by adjusting the amount of water and yolk. As tempera dries, the artist will add more water to preserve the consistency and to balance the thickening of the yolk on contact with air. Once prepared, the paint cannot be stored. Egg tempera is water resistant, but not water proof. Different preparations use the egg white or the whole egg for different effect. Other additives such as oil and wax emulsions can modify the medium.

Tempera Grassa - Adding oil in no more than a 1:1 ratio with the egg yolk by volume produces a water soluble medium with many of the color effects of oil paint, although it cannot be painted thickly.

Pigments - Some of the pigments used by medieval painters, such as Vermilion (made from cinnabar, a mercury ore), are highly toxic. Most artists today use modern synthetic pigments, which are less toxic but have similar color properties to the older pigments. Even so, many (if not most) modern pigments are still dangerous unless certain precautions are taken; these include keeping pigments wet in storage to avoid breathing their dust.

Application

Tempera paint dries rapidly. It is normally applied in thin, semi-opaque or transparent layers. Tempera painting allows for great precision when used with traditional techniques that require the application of numerous small brush strokes applied in a cross-hatching technique. When dry, it produces a smooth matte finish. Because it cannot be applied in thick layers as oil paints can, tempera paintings rarely have the deep color saturation that oil paintings can achieve. In this respect the colors of an unvarnished tempera painting resemble a pastel, although the color deepens if a varnish is applied. On the other hand, tempera colors do not change over time, where as oil paints darken, yellow, and become transparent with age.

Colour Theory

In the visual arts, colour theory is a body of practical guidance to colour mixing and the visual impacts of specific colour combination. There are also definitions (or categories) of colours based on the colour wheel: primary, secondary and tertiary colours. Although color theory principles first appeared in the writings of Leone Battista Alberti (c.1435) and the notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (c.1490), a tradition of "colory theory" began in the 18th century, initially within a partisan controversy around Isaac Newton's theory of color (Opticks, 1704) and the nature of so-called primary colors. From there it developed as an independent artistic tradition with only superficial reference to colorimetry and vision science.

Colour Mixing

 

Additive Colour mixing - The behavior of light mixtures, called additive color.

 

Subtractive Colour mixing - The behavior of paint or ink or dye or pigment mixtures, called subtractive color. When mixing colored light (additive color models), The achromatic mixture of spectrally balanced red, green and blue (RGB) is always white, not gray or black. When we mix colorants, such as the pigments in paint mixtures, a color is produced which is always darker and lower in chroma, or saturation, than the parent colors. This moves the mixed color toward a neutral color—a gray or near-black. Lights are made brighter or dimmer by adjusting their brightness, or energy level; in painting, lightness is adjusted through mixture with white, black or a color's complement.

It is common among some painters to darken a paint color by adding black paint—producing colors called shades—or lighten a color by adding white—producing colors called tints. However it is not always the best way for representational painting, as an unfortunate result is for colors to also shift in hue. For instance, darkening a color by adding black can cause colors such as yellows, reds and oranges, to shift toward the greenish or bluish part of the spectrum. Lightening a color by adding white can cause a shift towards blue when mixed with reds and oranges. Another practice when darkening a color is to use its opposite, or complementary, color (e.g. purplish-red added to yellowish-green) in order to neutralize it without a shift in hue, and darken it if the additive color is darker than the parent color. When lightening a color this hue shift can be corrected with the addition of a small amount of an adjacent color to bring the hue of the mixture back in line with the parent color (e.g. adding a small amount of orange to a mixture of red and white will correct the tendency of this mixture to shift slightly towards the blue end of the spectrum).

Material of Painting

1. Drawing Paper –  Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets. Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper will hold the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast. There are many different types of art paper that you can use for drawings. Many varieties of that are designed for painting as well as drawing.

          
 A- Water color paper is great for pen and ink drawings,  especially if you plan to do watercolor washes under or over the ink drawing. 
B- Printmaking papers
C- Colored paper
D- Metallic paper
E- Bark paper
F- Japanese paper
G- Handmade paper
H- Charcoal paper
I- Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. 
J- Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. 
K- Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. 
L-  Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. 
M- Papyrus is a thick paper-like material produced from the stem of the papyrus plant.
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Graphite Pencil

2- Pencil - Pencil is handy for lightly sketching in your initial drawing. Varieties of drawing pencils –  

Graphite Pencil - Graphite pencils in varying degrees of hardness, for fine drawing,  sketching, and blending. softer pencils for sketching and drawing, including 8B, 6B, 4B, 2B, B, and HB.

Charcoal Pencil

Charcoal Pencil - Charcoal pencil made of highly refined willow charcoal and fine organic  blacks available in 4 degrees of black and 1 degree of white. White can be worked over the black.

Carbon Pencil

Carbon Pencil - Carbon pencil is the perfect combination of charcoal and graphite. It has a fine grain, and goes on smoothly and precisely in rich, velvety, matte black lines. Carbon pencils have a consistent softness, for superior blending and texture.The 5 mm core is encased within a natural cedar wood barrel, making the pencils easy to use, and easy to sharpen for detail work. four degrees of hardness — B (hardest), 2B, 4B, or 6B (softest).

Colour Pencil

Colour Pencil - Colored pencils have many advantages. For one thing, they are extremely lightweight and portable. They don't require any intensive set-up - you can just take them wherever you go, open your sketchbook or drawing pad. Colored pencils is just as quick and easy to clean up as it is to set up. This makes colored pencils very non-messy compared to other art mediums.

Water Colour Pencil

 Water Colour Pencil - Water color pencils are very similar to color pencils in that, they allow you to have precise control, achieve great detail, they are very flexible, very portable and inexpensive.

Primo Pencil

Primo Pencil - Primo pencils can use for quick layouts in oil painting. 

Pastel Pencil

Pastel Pencil- Pastel Pencils are encased in wood, allowing for less mess and more control over details. They can be easily blended with regular hard or soft pastels.

Wax Colour Pencil

Wax colour Pencil - The wax pencils may be used ' as a colored resist for the water-soluble pencils, so that when water is used for blending, the areas covered with wax pencil will remain undisturbed.

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3- Pen and Ink - Drawing with pens can be as fun and easy. Pen and ink drawings are probably the most portable, convenient, and low-cost form of art making. Each type of pen will result in a different quality of line. The kind of pen you prefer will depend on the type of line you would like to create, bearing in mind such qualities as thickness or thinness of the line, and fluidity versus control. The kind of pen you choose will also depend upon the type of art you want to create, in terms of style and subject. There are many types of pens available for drawing, such as: 


◄Fountain Pens


                                             
                                                                Graphic Pens ▲
                                                                        

 

         

       ◄ Drafting Pens ►



 
 
◄Split-nib dip Pens


                               

                          Bamboo reed Pens ►
 
 
◄ Ball point Pens  
                                                  


▼ Illustration Markers ►



                                                            
 
                                              Micron Pens ►



                   
                
◄ Pigment Liner Pens                                                                                                        Sketch Pen ▲

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4- Drawing Board  ► A drawing board (also drawing table, drafting table or architect's table) is, in its antique form, a kind of multipurpose desk which can be used for any kind of drawing, writing or impromptu sketching on a large sheet of paper.

◄ 5- Paper Stumps - Paper stumps come in various sizes and can be used for fine blending. Use them sparingly, because an unpleasant slick effect will result if they are used too generously.

 

                                    
6- Kneaded Rubber ►

The kneaded rubber eraser, also know as putty rubber, is a tool for artists. It is usually made of a grey or white pliable material (though it can be found in many different colors, ranging from green to blue to hot pink) and resembles putty or gum.

◄ 7- Ruler -  To make straight lines, rulers are essential.

 


8- Templates  ► To make perfect circles, ovals or other shapes.

 
◄ 9- Pencil Sharpener - 
A pencil sharpener is a device for sharpening writing point of a pencil  by shaving away its worn surface.

10- Artist Tape  ► This is use around the outer edge of drawing to give it a nice clean straight border when finished. 

◄ 11- Archival Sealant Spray - After you're drawing is finished, it's a good idea to give it a coating of archival spray. This will seal in the inks, ensuring that they are waterproof. A good spray will help to protect your drawing.

12- Colours -   
                                                                               
 ◄ Water Colour - A watercolor is the medium or the resulting art work in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle.

 

                                                              Pastel Colour ►  Pastel is an art medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigments and a binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including oil paints. 

◄ Crayons - A crayon is a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk or other materials used for writing, coloring,drawing and other methods of illustration. A crayon made of oiled chalk and pigments with a dry binder. crayon is a popular media for color artwork.
 
 Poster Colour ►

A water paint with a gum binder, which is brilliant, opaque, fast-drying and usually sold in jars. Poster Colour also known as show-card color.

◄ Natural Colour - Natural Colour is any dye, pigment or any other substance obtained from vegetable, animal, mineral or source capable of coloring canvas, drawing paper, drug, cosmetic or any part of human body, colors come from variety of sources such as seeds, fruits, vegetables, algae & insect.

                                 Acrylic Colour ►  Acrylic colour is fast drying paints containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic colour paints can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry.


◄ Oil Colour - Oil Colour paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil.
 
                                                                Tempera ► Tempera is a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size).

 
 ◄ Ink Colour - Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text or design.  Ink is used for drawing and/or writing with a pen, brush or quill.

13- Brush - Brushes are used for applying ink or paint.

14- Powder –

- Graphite Powder- Powdered Graphite is ideal for covering large areas or for drawing and mixing media. It leaves a smooth, satin finish. Apply it with chamois, fingers, or cloth or use a brush to apply it as a wash.

- Charcoal Powder- Powdered Charcoal is a willow-type charcoal, extra soft, and intensely black. Excellent for all pattern work and pouncing.

15- Other materials - cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, board, styluses, chalk, markers and various metals (such as silverpoint). Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything.